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DescriptionWritten by a scientist and researcher with more than 25 years of experience in the field, this serves as a complete guide to catalyst activity loss during the hydroprocessing of heavy oils.Key FeaturesExplores the physical and chemical properties of heavy oils and hydroprocessing catalysts; the mechanisms of catalyst deactivation; catalyst characterization by a variety of techniques and reaction conditions; laboratory and commercial information for model validations; and moreDemonstrates how to develop correlations and models for a variety of reaction scales with step-by-step descriptions and detailed experimental dataContains important implications for increasing operational efficiencies within the petroleum industryAn essential reference for professionals and researchers working in the refining industry as well as students taking courses on chemical reaction engineeringTable of ContentsAbout the Author xiPreface xiiiNomenclature xviiProperties of Heavy Oils 1Introduction 1Refining of Petroleum 3Desalting 4Atmospheric or Primary Distillation 4Vacuum or Secondary Distillation 5Solvent Extraction and Dewaxing 5Deasphalting 6Gas and Liquid Sweetening 6Sour Water Treatment 7Catalytic Reforming 7Isomerization 7Alkylation 8Polymerization 8Catalytic Hydrotreating 8Fluid Catalytic Cracking 9Gasification 9Coking 10Visbreaking 11Residue Fluid Catalytic Cracking (RFCC) 12Hydrovisbreaking Process 12Fixed-Bed Hydroprocessing 13Moving-Bed Hydroprocessing 13Ebullated-Bed Hydroprocessing 14Slurry-Bed Hydroprocessing 14Properties of Heavy Petroleum 14Physical and Chemical Properties 14Asphaltenes 15Tendency to Coke Formation 18Viscosity of Crude Oils and Blends 19Stability and Compatibility 25Assay of Petroleum 28References 29Properties of Catalysts for Heavy Oil Hydroprocessing 31Introduction 31Hydroprocessing Catalyst 34Catalyst Support 34Chemical Composition 36Shape and Size 37Pore Size Distribution 39Mechanical Properties 40Active Metals 41Characterization of Catalysts 43Activity 43Textural Properties 44Surface Properties 45.General Aspects for Developing Catalysts for Hydroprocessing of Heavy Crude 49Preparation of Supports 49Preparation of Catalysts 52Characterization of Catalysts 53Catalyst for Maya Crude Oil Hydroprocessing 54Composition of Maya Crude Oil 55Catalyst Loading and Pretreatment 56Feedstocks and Characterization Techniques 56Active Sites and Catalytic Activity 58Experiments with Naphtha Diluted Feedstock 59Experiments with Diesel Diluted Feedstock 63Experiments with Pure Maya Crude Oil 66Characterization of Spent Catalysts 68Final Comments 77Concluding Remarks 78References 79Deactivation of Hydroprocessing Catalysts 89Introduction 89Hydroprocessing of Heavy Oils 90General Aspects 90Reactors for Hydroprocessing 92Process Variables 102Effect of Reaction Conditions on Catalyst Deactivation 105Mechanisms of Catalyst Deactivation 106Asphaltenes and Their Effect on Catalyst Deactivation 114Thermal Reaction 114Catalytic Reaction 117References 122Characterization of Spent Hydroprocessing Catalyst 127Introduction 127Characterization Techniques 128Temperature Programmed Oxidation (TPO) 128Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 129Raman Spectrometry 131SEM-EDX Analysis 131Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) 134Early Deactivation of Different Supported CoMo Catalysts 138Experimental Procedure 138Results and Discussion 142Conclusions 150Carbon and Metal Deposition During the Hydroprocessing of Maya Crude Oil 150Preparation Evaluation and Characterization of Catalyst 150Catalyst Characterization 151Results and Discussion 152Conclusions 164Characterization Study of NiMo/SiO2–Al2O3 Spent Hydroprocessing Catalysts for Heavy Oils 164Samples of Spent Catalysts 164Catalyst Characterization 165Results and Discussion 166Conclusions 172Characterization of Spent Catalysts Along a Bench-Scale Reactor 173Experimental Procedure 173Results 175Discussion 187Conclusions 191Hydrodesulfurization Activity of Used Hydrotreating Catalysts 192Experimental Procedure 192Results and Discussion 194Conclusions 203References 203Modeling Catalyst Deactivation 207Introduction 207Effect of Reactor Configuration on the Cycle Length of Heavy Oil Fixed-Bed Hydroprocessing 216Experimental Procedure 216Modeling Approach 218Results and Discussion 224Conclusions 232Effect of Different Heavy Feedstocks on the Deactivation of a Commercial Catalyst 232Experimental Procedure 232Results and Discussion 234Conclusions 240Modeling the Deactivation by Metal Deposition of Heavy Oil Hydrotreating Catalyst 240The Model 240Experimental Procedure 245Results and Discussion 245Conclusions 251Kinetic Model for Hydrocracking of Heavy Oil in a CSTR Involving Short-Term Catalyst Deactivation 252Experimental Procedure 252Results and Discussion 253Conclusions 259Modeling the Kinetics of Parallel Thermal and Catalytic Hydrotreating of Heavy Oil 260The Model 260Experimental Procedure 264Results and Discussion 265Conclusions 271Modeling Catalyst Deactivation During Hydrocracking of Atmospheric Residue by Using the Continuous Kinetic Lumping Model 272The Model 272Experimental Procedure 277Results and Discussion 278Conclusions 285Application of a Three-Stage Approach for Modeling the Complete Period of Catalyst Deactivation During Hydrotreating of Heavy Oil 287Deactivation Model 287Experimental Procedure 292Results and Discussion 292Conclusions 298References 298Index 303Author DescriptionJorge Ancheyta is Manager of Products for the Transformation of Crude Oil at the Mexican Institute of Petroleum (IMP), where he has worked since 1989.  His work centers on the development and application of petroleum refining catalysts, kinetic and reactor models, and process technologies mainly in catalytic cracking, catalytic reforming, middle distillate hydrotreating and heavy oils upgrading. He has been awarded the National Researcher Highest Distinction by the Mexican government and is a member of the Mexican Academy of Science. He is the author of five other books, incuding Modeling and Simulation of Catalytic Reactors for Petroleum Refining (Wiley, 2011). He has also been guest editor of various international journals.